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\title{The Boxer Rebellion}
\author{Chris Spackman}
\date{Summer 2022}

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\subsection{Who}\label{who}


\begin{description}

\item [The Boxers:] A group of Chinese people who opposed the
  foreigners in
  China.\marginnote[-2em]{\includegraphics[width=1.8in]{./BoxerRevolutionarybyGeorgeSStuart.jpg}\\
    Modern wax figure of a Boxer soldier.} Their full name was ``The
  Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists''. They were called
  ``Boxers'' in the West because at the time, Chinese martial arts
  were known as ``Chinese boxing'', and so people who practiced
  Chinese martial arts were called boxers.
  
\item [The Chinese government:] The Qing dynasty ruled China from 1644
  to 1912. In 1899, the emperor was still a child. His mother, CiXi,
  ruled in his place as the Empress Dowager. The Empress Dowager ruled
  from 1861 to 1908. In 1900, she sent the Chinese army to help the
  Boxers.

\item [The Eight-Nation Alliance:] group of eight countries whose citizens
were in danger in China from the Boxers. The countries were: Japan,
Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy.

\end{description}

\subsection{What}\label{what}

A rebellion\marginnote{\textbf{rebellion:} also called an
  ``uprising''} in China against foreigners and Chinese
Christians. Later the Chinese government joined on the side of the
Boxers and had the Chinese army help fight against the
troops\marginnote[-1em]{\textbf{troops:} soldiers} of the Eight-Nation
Alliance.

\subsection{When}\label{when}

The rebellion started in August of 1899. It ended in September of
1901, with the signing of the \textbf{Boxer Protocol}.

\subsection{Where}\label{where}

The Boxer Rebellion took place in China, especially the North /
Northeast part of the country around Peking (today called
\textbf{Beijing}).

The foreign-controlled part of Peking (the ``Legation Quarter''),
where foreigners lived and worked. Boxer and Chinese army forces
surrounded the legation for 55 days in
1901.\marginnote[-4em]{\textbf{legation:} similar to a ``consolate''
  today --- that is, a diplomatic person or area that is a step below
  an ambassador / embassy.}

\subsection{Why}\label{why}

Many Chinese people were upset with foreigners and foreign influences
(such as Christianity) in China. They were also upset that the Chinese
government could not resist the foreigners'
demands.\marginnote[-3em]{\textbf{could not resist:} At the time, the
  Chinese military was much weaker than Western militaries. The
  military by itself could not prevent Westerners from entering
  China.}

The Boxers believed that their moral superiority and martial training
would protect them from the foreigners' superior weapons

\subsection{Important Ideas}\label{important-ideas}

\begin{description}

\item [Extraterritoriality:] because of the Unequal Treaties,
  foreigners in China did not have to follow Chinese law. If there was
  a legal problem, only that foreigner's government could do
  anything.\marginnote[-3em]{\textbf{extraterritoriality:} Base is
    ``territory'', with prefix ``extra'' (outside, without, except) and the
    suffixes ``-ial'' + ``ity''.}
  
\item [Imperialism:] a political system in which one country rules
  other countries (by taking them over).\\
  Also, the way in which a rich
  or powerful country's way of life, culture, business, etc.~influence
  and change a poorer or less-powerful country's way of
  life. \marginnote[-3em]{Both types of imperialism were involved in
    the Boxer Rebellion.}

\item [Nationalism:] love for your own country and the belief that it
  is better than any other country. In the Boxer Rebellion, this was
  seen by the Boxers wanting to force the foreigners to leave
  China. Also, the foreigners were working in China to make their own
  countries stronger by controlling trade with China (this part is
  also similar to \emph{Imperialism}).

\item [Spheres of Influence:] Western countries did not take over all
  of China directly.\marginnote[-3em]{\textbf{did not take over all of
      China:} Some countries did physically take control of some parts
    of China. The most famous today is perhaps the British control of
    Hong Kong. That lasted until 1997.} Instead, they had areas in
  the country that they controlled indirectly, through the economy and
  the existing government.

\item [Unequal Treaties:] treaties forced on China by the Western
  powers and Japan that gave the foreigners land and power in
  China.\marginnote[-2em]{\textbf{land and power:} \emph{spheres of
      influence} and \emph{extraterritoriality} came from the unequal
    treaties.} China received nothing that it wanted or needed.

\item [Yellow Peril:] the idea that the people of Asia, especially
  East Asia, were a racial threat to Western people and
  civilization. Many Westerners thought that non-white people were
  inferior to Westerners. Some of these people were worried that
  Asians would destroy Western culture.

\end{description}

\section{The Boxer Rebellion}\label{the-boxer-rebellion}

The rebellion against foreigners in China by a group of Chinese
martial artists is called ``The Boxer Rebellion''. It started in
August~1899 and ended in September~1901. It was led by the Boxers, a
group of Chinese citizens who disliked the strong influence that
foreigners and foreign governments had in China.

\subsection{The Foreigners in China}\label{the-foreigners-in-china}

In the late 1800s and the early 1900s, many foreign countries had
strong control over Chinese territory and its government
(\emph{spheres of influence}).  These countries were Japan, Britain,
Germany, and Russia, and several other, smaller countries. China lost
many battles to these countries and had been humiliated by them. For
example, China was forced to allow foreigners to live and trade in
some Chinese cities (\emph{unequal treaties}). Foreigners in those
cities did not have to follow Chinese laws
(\emph{extraterritoriality}).

\subsection{The Boxers}\label{the-boxers}

The Boxers were mostly young Chinese men. These young men trained in
martial arts,\marginnote[-3em]{\textbf{martial arts:} karate, judo,
  and tae kwon do are examples of martial arts that are well known in
  the USA. (These are NOT Chinese martial arts. ``Gung Fu'' and
  ``Wushu'' are common general names today for Chinese martial arts.)}
which is why they were called ``Boxers'' by foreigners.  The Boxers
were angry about the growing power of foreigners in China.  They
wanted to force all foreigners, and even some Chinese people, to leave
China. Other Chinese people helped them, and the Boxers took their
fight all the way to Peking.\marginnote{\textbf{Peking:} was the
  capital of China, so very important to both the Chinese government
  and the foreigners trying to control China.} The Boxers surrounded
the areas (the Legation Quarters) where foreigners lived and worked in
Peking.

\subsection{55 Days at Peking}\label{days-at-peking}

Japan, Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and Italy made an alliance (the Eight-Nation
Alliance) to keep the Boxers out of the part of Peking where the
foreigners lived and worked. The Empress Dowager
Cixi\marginnote[-2em]{\textbf{Empless Dowager:} the mother of the
  child emperor} declared war on all the foreigners. She sent the
Chinese Army to help the Boxers. The foreigners were trapped in Peking
for 55 days before foreign
reinforcements\marginnote{\textbf{reinforcements:} extra fighters
  brought from somewhere else to join a battle.} arrived and defeated
the Chinese.

After the fighting ended, some foreigners went wild to get
revenge. Some foreigners stole from Chinese people and raped Chinese
women and girls. The commanders of the various countries' troops knew
about these crimes. However, they sometimes could not keep their
troops (and other people from their countries) under
control. Sometimes, they did not care about stopping the crimes. This
made many Chinese even more upset with the foreigners, but they were
powerless to do anything.

\begin{figure*}[htbp]

  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./Beijing_Castle_Boxer_Rebellion_1900_FINAL_courtesy_copy.jpg}
  \caption{Drawing showing soldiers of the Eight-Nation Alliance attacking Peking Castle in 1901.}
  \label{fig:beijing-castle}

\end{figure*}


\subsection{Aftermath}\label{aftermath}

The foreigners were very angry with the Chinese government. They
decided that China had to pay them a lot of money. They also told the
Chinese government to execute\marginnote[-1em]{\textbf{execute:} to
  kill, often when the victim cannot fight back or defend themselves.}
every Boxer. Chinese leaders had to agree, because their army was too
weak to fight back against the foreigners. A few years later in 1911,
the Qing Empire collapsed.

% added some text, so don't need
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\section{In More Detail}\label{in-more-detail}

The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-imperialist uprising which took place
in China towards the end of the Qing dynasty between 1899 and 1901.
The Boxers were motivated by nationalism and opposition to foreign
influence, including Christian missionary activity. The Boxers
believed that they were invulnerable\marginnote{\textbf{invulnerable:}
  can not be hurt} to foreign weapons.

In the late 1800s, China was going through a severe
drought.\marginnote{\textbf{severe drought:} when an area doesn't get
  enough rain or snow for a long time.} When there was rain, it was
often too much and floods happened. In both cases, many Chinese people
suffered. The growth of foreign influence in China's politics and
economy also caused suffering and anger for many Chinese people.

For several months in 1900, there was violence against the foreign and
Christian people\marginnote[-1em]{\textbf{Christian people:} Chinese
  and foreign Christians.} in North China. In June 1900, Boxer
fighters went to Beijing, with the slogan ``Support Qing government
and exterminate\marginnote{\textbf{exterminate:} to kill every person
  (or animal) in a group, so that the group no longer exists} the
foreigners.'' For safety, foreigners and Chinese Christians went to
the Legation Quarter, an area in Peking that the major foreign powers
controlled. The Boxers surrounded the area.

In the beginning, the Empress Dowager Cixi was not sure if she should
support the Boxers or not. When she heard that the foreign powers were
sending an army to attack them, however, the Empress Dowager decided
to support the the Boxers. On June 21, she declared war on the foreign
powers. The Chinese army joined the Boxers in
besieging\marginnote[-3em]{\textbf{besiege:} to surround a city (or
  other area) with military force until the people inside let you take
  control} the foreign diplomats, civilians, and soldiers, as well as
Chinese Christians, in the Legation Quarter The siege lasted for 55
days. Foreign reinforcements sent by the Eight-Nation Alliance
reached Peking, defeated the Boxers and the Chinese army, and lifted
the siege.

During the rebellion, before the foreigner reinforcements reached
Peking, Chinese officials were split --- some wanted to continue
supporting the Boxers.  Others thought it would be better to work with
the foreigners. This second group was led by Prince Qing.

The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought
20,000 armed troops to China (the reinforcements). Those troops
defeated the Imperial Army and, on August 14, 1901, captured
Beijing. This ended the siege of the legations.

When the Western reinforcements arrived, the Empress Dowager and a few
members of the court retreated deep into China, far from Peking, which
was soon controlled by the Westerners.

\subsection{Aftermath}\label{aftermath-1}

Foreign soldiers began plundering\marginnote{\textbf{plunder:} steal
  from or loot, especially by military troops} the capital and the
surrounding countryside. They also raped many woman and girls and
executed many people they thought might be Boxers. Some people from
every country involved took part --- including soldiers, diplomats,
clergy, and civilians. Some Chinese people also took advantage of the
situation to get revenge on their own Chinese rivals or enemies.

Some advisors recommended continuing to fight, but the Empress Dowager
decided it would be better to end the war. The foreigners
assured\marginnote{\textbf{assured:} promised} her that she and her
family would continue to rule China and that China would not be forced
to give up more territory. The treaty was called \emph{The
  Boxer Protocol}. It was signed on September 7, 1901 and required the
government to:

\begin{enumerate}
\item execute government officials who had supported the
  Boxers;

\item allow for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing; and

\item pay 450 million \emph{taels}\marginnote{\textbf{tael:} an old
    Chinese unit of measure.} of silver (about 17,000 tons) --- more
  than all the tax money that the government collected in a year ---
  over the next thirty-nine years to the eight nations involved.
\end{enumerate}

The Empress Dowager decided to support the Boxers because she hoped
that they would be able to at least reduce the power of the foreigners
in China. However, even with the government's own troops to help, they
were unable to defeat the foreigners. Instead of strengthening the
government, the Boxer Rebellion weakened
it.\marginnote[-1em]{\textbf{Important point:} The Boxer Rebellion
  ended up \textbf{weakening} the Qing Dynasty.} In 1911, a new
government was created by anti-Qing Chinese groups. The Qing dynasty
officially ended in 1912.

\section{Sources}\label{sources}

\begin{description}

\item [Boxer Rebellion] at Simple Wikipedia. Accessed 2022 July 13; published under the \href{https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/}{Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike} 3.0 Unported License. \url{https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion}
 
\item [Boxer Rebellion] at Wikipedia. Accessed 2022 July 13; published under the \href{https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/}{Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike} 3.0 Unported License. \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion}

\item [Battle of Beijing] from Wikipedia. Accessed 2022 July 13; \textbf{public domain} in the United States of America. \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_Castle_Boxer_Rebellion_1900_FINAL_courtesy_copy.jpg}

\item [Boxer Revolutionary] From Wikipedia (originally from \url{https://www.galleryhistoricalfigures.com}. Figure by George S. Stuart, photo by Peter d'Aprix. Accessed 2022 July 13; published under the \href{https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/}{Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike} 3.0 Unported License. \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BoxerRevolutionarybyGeorgeSStuart.jpg}
  
\end{description}

\section{Copyright}\label{copyright}

This document is licensed under the \href{https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/}{Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license}.

The original \LaTeX{} files and images used to create this reading are available at:\\
\url{https://www.chrisspackman.com/educator-resources/readings/boxer-rebellion/boxer-rebellion-latex-files/}


\end{document}
